France got Alsace and Lorraine. Sweden got a lot of land in the H.R.E.
The princes of the Holy Roman Empire were given almost complete independence, and consequentially, the Habsburgs lost power.
Leopold I was elected as emperor in the Holy Roman Empire. He was a Habsburg, but was not allowed to help the Habsburg rulers of Spain. Also, he had to allow the princes to retain their independence. This freedom permitted the rise of absolutism.
War and battles became more civil and less deadly.
France replace Spain as the continent's dominant power.
Northern countries, espeicially England and the Netherlands, became Europe's economic leaders.
*The state became the basis of loyalty, and religious goals were no longer weighty enough to fuel a war. The Thirty Years' War was the last major religious war.*
The Peace of Westphalia of 1648
- France got Alsace and Lorraine. Sweden got a lot of land in the H.R.E.
- The princes of the Holy Roman Empire were given almost complete independence, and consequentially, the Habsburgs lost power.
- Leopold I was elected as emperor in the Holy Roman Empire. He was a Habsburg, but was not allowed to help the Habsburg rulers of Spain. Also, he had to allow the princes to retain their independence. This freedom permitted the rise of absolutism.
- War and battles became more civil and less deadly.
- France replace Spain as the continent's dominant power.
- Northern countries, espeicially England and the Netherlands, became Europe's economic leaders.
- *The state became the basis of loyalty, and religious goals were no longer weighty enough to fuel a war. The Thirty Years' War was the last major religious war.*
Map: Peace of Westphalia (Europe in 1648)